Beda Jalan Sama Tujuan: Ancaman Politik sebagai Alternatif Ancaman Militer dalam Pelucutan Kedaulatan Negara di Era Demokrasi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v6i2.3798Keywords:
Ancaman Militer, Ancaman Politik, Politik Identitas, Kedaulatan Negara, DemokrasiAbstract
Demokrasi menjadi asas politik yang semakin banyak diadopsi oleh negara-negara. Hal ini berdampak pada perubahan kecenderungan negara dalam mendapatkan dan/atau menggunakan ancaman militer terhadap satu sama lain. Namun, ancaman lain berupa ancaman politik mulai hadir sebagai alternatif. Dengan membahas hakikat ancaman militer dan ancaman politik secara teoretis, beserta sejumlah contoh kasus, artikel ini berargumen bahwa demokrasi menurunkan potensi ancaman militer antarnegara, tetapi meningkatkan potensi ancaman politik dengan dampak yang sama, yakni pelucutan kedaulatan negara.
References
Al Qurtuby, S. (2013). Peacebuilding in Indonesia: Christian–Muslim Alliances in Ambon Island. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(3), 349–367.
Anderson, A. B. (2019). Book Review: Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment, by Francis Fukuyama. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018, 218 pp. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE), 18(1), 47–52.
Berezin, M. (2017). On the construction sites of history: Where did Donald Trump come from? American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 5(3), 322–337.
Biersack, J., & O’lear, S. (2014). The geopolitics of Russia’s annexation of Crimea: Narratives, identity, silences, and energy. Eurasian geography and economics, 55(3), 247–269.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, States & Fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Cohen, A. (2020, November 20). Five reasons Trump’s challenge of the 2020 election will not lead to civil war. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/five-reasons-trumps-challenge-of-the-2020-election-will-not-lead-to-civil-war-150320
D’Ambrosio, P. J. (2019). Review of Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Philosophy Today, 63(3), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2019633282
Djunatan, S. (2014). Membawa Keadilan Bagi Identitas-Diri Orang Papua. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 11(2), Article 2. http://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/JAP/article/view/1492
Farooqui, A. (2020). Gandhi’s Spiritual Politics: Austerity, Fasting and Secularism. Studies in History, 36(2), 178–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643020953564
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The demand for dignity and the politics of resentment. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Hadiz, V. R. (2019). The ‘Floating’Ummah in the Fall of ‘Ahok’in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia, 7(2), 271–290.
Hayes, J. (2012). The democratic peace and the new evolution of an old idea. European Journal of International Relations, 18(4), 767–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066111405859
Hopf, T. (2016). ‘Crimea is ours’: A discursive history. International Relations, 30(2), 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117816645646
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster.
Inkster, N. (2016). Information warfare and the US presidential election. Survival, 58(5), 23–32.
Kellner, D. (2018). Donald Trump, Globalization, and the Russia Connection in Election 2016. Cultural Politics, 14(2), 139–152.
Kingsbury, D. (2010). National Identity in Timor-Leste: Challenges and Opportunities. South East Asia Research, 18(1), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010790959820
Kleingeld, P. (1998). Kant’s Cosmopolitan Law: World Citizenship for a Global Order. Kantian Review, 2, 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1369415400000200
Klinken, G. van. (2018). Citizenship and local practices of rule in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445489
Kusuma, A. J. (2017). Pengaruh Norma HAM Terhadap Proses Kemerdekaan Timor Leste dari Indonesia. Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 7(1), 1–13.
Magan, I. M. (2020). On being black, Muslim, and a refugee: Stories of Somalis in Chicago. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(2), 172–188.
Martí, G. (2019). The Unexpected Orthodoxy of Donald J. Trump: White Evangelical Support for the 45th President of the United States. Oxford University Press US.
McAlexander, R. (2020). The Politics of Anticolonial Resistance: Violence, Nonviolence, and the Erosion of Empire [Columbia University]. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-3pmj-rt61
Megantara, S. (2013). Upaya Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) dalam Menggalang Dukungan Internasional untuk Kemerdekaan Papua [Skripsi, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta]. http://repository.upnyk.ac.id/7127/
Osman, M. N. M., & Waikar, P. (2018). Fear and Loathing: Uncivil Islamism and Indonesia’s Anti-Ahok Movement. Indonesia, 106, 89–109.
Rahab, A. al. (2016). Operasi-operasi Militer di Papua: Pagar Makan Tanaman? Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 3(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.14203/jpp.v3i1.420
Schulze, K. E. (2002). Laskar Jihad and the conflict in Ambon. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 9(1), 57–69.
Schulze, K. E. (2019). From Ambon to Poso. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(1), 35–62.
Syarif, M. I. (2016). Spirit Piagam Jakarta Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v4i1.3568
Teper, Y. (2016). Official Russian identity discourse in light of the annexation of Crimea: National or imperial? Post-Soviet Affairs, 32(4), 378–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1076959
theGuardian. (2021, Januari 7). Pro-Trump rioters storm US Capitol during vote on Biden election victory – video report. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2021/jan/07/pro-trump-rioters-storm-us-capitol-during-vote-on-bidens-election-victory-video-report
Waltz, K. N. (2001). Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. Columbia University Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Deden Habibi Ali Alfathimy, Abdul Rivai Ras
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).