Pengaruh Empati terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Altruistik Individu Dewasa Madya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v6i2.4801Keywords:
Empati, Altruisme, Pembuatan Keputusan Altruistik, Dewasa MadyaAbstract
Di masa pandemi, banyak orang yang mengalami kesulitan dan membutuhkan bantuan dari orang-orang di sekitarnya. Ada beberapa fenomena di mana individu dewasa madya memberikan banyak bantuan kepada orang yang membutuhkannya. Individu dewasa madya berkisar antara usia 40-60 tahun. Bantuan yang diberikan oleh individu dewasa madya ini bertujuan untuk meringankan kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh individu lain. Dalam hal ini individu yang memberikan bantuan dapat dimotivasi oleh faktor empati. Empati sendiri adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk memahami dan mengetahui apa yang orang lain rasakan secara emosional. Empati dapat menjadi faktor pendorong atau terciptanya motivasi seseorang dalam membantu individu lain yang dirasa membutuhkan bantuan. Sementara itu, altruistik sendiri merupakan suatu perilaku atau tindakan individu dimana individu tersebut tidak memikirkan keuntungan untuk dirinya sendiri dalam memberikan bantuan kepada orang lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh empati terhadap pengambilan keputusan altruistik pada individu dewasa madya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif non eksperimental. Penelitian ini menggunakan 222 partisipan, mulai dari usia 40-60 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner TEQ (The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire) untuk empati dan SRAS (Self Report Altruism Scale) untuk altruistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa hipotesis penelitian diterima, yaitu terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara empati terhadap altruistik ( R² = 0,897, p = 0.000 < 0,05).
References
Andreychik, M. R. (2019). I like that you feel my pain, but I love that you feel my joy: empathy for a partner’s negative versus positive emotions independently affect relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 36(3), 834–854. 10.1177/0265407517746518
Alvino, L.,& Franco, M. (2017). The decision-making process between rationality and emotions. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 5(9), 7074-7092. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v5i9.18
Berisha, G., Pula, J. S., & Krasniqi, B. (2018). Convergent validity of two decision making style measures. Journal of Dynamic Decision Making. 4(1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11588/jddm.2018.1.43102
Batson, C. D. (1990). How social an animal? The human capacity for caring. American Psychologist, 45(3), 336–346. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.45.3.336
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Personality and social psychology, 5,463–484. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0519
Batson, C.D. (2010). Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. In (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature American Psychological Association.
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). The empathy-altruism hypothesis. In D. Schroeder, & W. Graziano, The oxford handbook of prosocial behaviour. Oxford University Press.
Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (2005). Psikologi sosial (10th ed) jilid 2. Erlangga.
Boeren, E. (2018). The methodological underdog: a review of quantitative research in the key adult education journals. Adult Education Quarterly. 68(1) 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0741713617739347
Batchelder, L., Brosnan, M.,& Ashwin, C. (2017). The development and validation of the empathy components questionnaire (ECQ). Plos One. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169185
Bangdiwala, S. (2018) Regression: simple linear, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 25(1), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2018.1426702
Behm, D.G., & Carter, D.B. (2021). Empathetic factors and influences on physical performance: a topical review. Frontiers Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686262
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S.,& et al. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1744987120927206
Diana, A. (2021). Pengaruh empati terhadap perilaku altrisme pada mahasiswa penumpang kereta api sibinuang (padang-pariawan). Diploma thesis, universitas andalas. http://scholar.unand.ac.id/83668/
Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
Dietrich, C. (2010). Decision making: factors that influence decision making, heuristics used, and decision outcomes. Inquiries Journal. 2(2). https://www.google.com/amp/www.inquiriesjournal.com/amp/180/decision-making-factors-that-influence-decision-making-heuristics-used-and-decision-outcomes
Guidi, C.,& Traversa, C. (2021). Empathy in patient care: from ‘clinical empathy’ to ‘empathic concern’. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10033-4
Gurnani, R., & Gaur, S. (2019). Does receiving promote giving? gratitude as a predictor of altruism via happiness. Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews. 6(4), 981-992. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340860584_Does_Receiving_Promote_Giving_Gratitude_as_a_predictor_of_Altruism_via_Happiness
Guthridge, M.,& Giummarra, M. J. (2021). The taxonomy of empathy: A meta-definition and the nine dimensions of the empathic system. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221678211018015
Grezo, M.,& Pilarik, L. (2013). Anger and moral reasoning in decision making. Journal of European Psychology Students. 4(1), 56-68. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269836263_Anger_and_Moral_Reasoning_in_Decision_Making
Hoffman, M.L. (1978). Is altruism, part of human nature?. Journal of Personality and Sosial Psychology, 40, 121-137.
Kartika, R., Sutiadinigsih, A., Zaini, H., Meisarah, F.,& Hubur, A. (2020). Factors affecting cognitive intelligence theory. Journal of Critical Reviews 7(17), 402-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.17.56
Klimecki, O. M., Mayers, S., Jusyte,A., Scheef, J.,& Schonenberg, M. (2016) Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports. 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961
Kompas.com. (2020). Kisah-kisah aksi solidaritas saat pandemi covid-19 di Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2021. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/04/18/210000865/kisah-kisah-aksi-solidaritas-saat-pandemi-covid-19-di-indonesia?page=all&jxconn=1*jfxj2n*other_jxampid*a0N5Rkh3OFcySGRSbnFoeWZaYmFDbFFHRjhPSXFFUHNIRl9kQ3dJclBxX2hZYW9zT2lrejdNX25pOG5udjRMUA..#page2
Manzur, E.,& Olavarrieta, S. (2021). The 9-SRA scale: a simplified 9-items version of the SRA scale to assess altruism. Sustainability. 13, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13136999
Mcauliffe, W. H., Forster, D., Philippe, J.,& Mccullough, M. (2017). Digital altruists: resolving key questions about the empathy-altruism hypothesis in an internet sample. Emotion 18(4), 1-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000375
Myers, David. G. (2012). Social Psychology (10th ed). Holand, Michigan: Mc Graw Hill. Donna Marie.
Mackenzie, H.K. (2018). A Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship between Empathy and Prosocial Behaviour to determine the Altruistic Personality. Exploring the altruistic personality by assessing empathy and prosocial behaviour. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322626510_A_Quantitative_Analysis_of_the_Relationship_between_Empathy_and_Prosocial_Behaviour_to_determine_the_Altruistic_Personality
Papalia, D. E., Martorell, G. A. (2014). Experience Human Development (13th ed). McGraw-Hill.
Persson, B. N., & Kajonius, P.J. (2016). Empathy and universal values explicated by the empathy-altruism hypothesis, The Journal of Social Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1152212
Reio, T. G. (2016), Nonexperimental research: strengths, weaknesses and issues of precision, European Journal of Training and Development, 40(8/9), 676-690. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2015-0058
Reniers, R., Corcoran, R., Drake,R. Shryane, N., & Völlm, B. (2012). The QCAE: a questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy, Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484
Rosen, J.B., Brand, M.& Kalbe, E. (2016). Empathy mediates the effects of age and sex on altruistic moral decision making. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00067
Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(4), 293-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869%2881%2990084-2
Rowe, A. J.,& Boulgarides, J. D. (1984). Managerial decision making: A guide to successful business decisions. Science Reasearch Associates.
Sampson, Edward E. (1976). Social psychology and contemporary society (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Santrock, J. W. (2020) Life Span Development: (18th ed). McGrawHill.
Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61(3), 261–264. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5154.182410
Showkat, N.,& Parveen, H. (2017). Non-Probability and Probability Sampling. Media & Communication Studies. 1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319066480_Non-Probability_and_Probability_Sampling
Singer, T., Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 81–96.
Sinclair, S. (2017). Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: a grounded theory study of palliative care patients’ understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative Medicine. 31(5), 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269216316663499
Stocks, E. L., Lishner, D. A., Decker, S. K. (2009). Altruism or psychological escape: Why does empathy promote prosocial behavior? European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(5), 649–665. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/ejsp.561
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The toronto empathy questionnaire: scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13072/midss.94
Strattron, S. J. (2021). Population research: convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 36(4), 373-374.
Szuster, A. (2016). Crucial dimensions of human altruism affective vs conceptual factors leading to helping or reinforcing others. Frontiers in Psychology. 7(519), 1-5. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00519
Tabachnick, B. G., dan L. S. Fidell. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). California: Pearson Education Inc.
Uldall B.R. (2013) Social Psychology. In: Runehov A.L.C., Oviedo L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1047
Weilong, Xiao., Xue, Lin.& et al. (2021). The influence of emotion and empathy on decisions to help others. SAGE Open. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211014513
Weiz,E.,& Cikara,M. (2020). Strategic regulation of empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 25(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.002
Yang, Z., Gu, Z., Wang, D., Tan, X., Wang, X. (2017). The effect of anger and sadness on prosocial decision making: The role of the interpersonal attribution of responsibility. Acta Psychologica Sinica. 49(3), 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.00393
Zhao, Y., Fuller, L.A.,& Daugherty, K.,K. (2021). Evaluating pharmacy faculty perceptions of empathy in education: A qualitative study. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. 13(8), 975-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2021.06.01.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Sally Patricia MallianAuthors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
